What Is Meant By Language Varieties?

What Is Meant By quarrel Varieties?Language is defined as a systematic employ of sounds, gestures or symbols for communication. It has a complex system where the rules atomic number 18 not clearly stated and is productive as an infinite number of sentences can be produced once the rules are learned.Varieties of LanguageThe expressions and uses of a wording varies in many ways. The diagram below illustrates these wording varieties Language VarietiesParticipantsGeographicalRegistersSocialHistoricalMediumTopics shot1. Historicali) nonagenarian side of m tucker out it was descended from the lyric poems spoken by the Germanic tribes when they invaded England around 500 AD. The various dialects spoken by these invaders formed the early English delivery.ii) Middle English was the return of the French work of the Normans and lasted from 1100-1500 ADiii) Modern English is broken into early Modern English and late Modern English.The former began around the time of playwright, Wil liam Shakespeare. fresh Modern English occurred around 1800 during British conquest and colonisation of other parts of the world.2. GeographicalEnglish may be the native language of England more all over due to various reasons such as colonisation, migration, globalisation, cultural, economic, and so on it had spread to other countries around the world.However, the language used in these opposite countries developed independently from the original language due to influences by local languages.These influences cause, among other things, the differences in the pronunciation, thus producing their distinctive accent.Some forms of these areAmerican EnglishAustralian EnglishIndian EnglishIn certain regions,there are different versions of the same language called dialects. These dialects have different grammar, vocabulary and accent.Eg Cantonese ( dialect of Mandarin) Aboriginal English (Australia).3. SocialIt refers to the use of the language in terms of the social class or identity. Eg The upper class society in Britain tend to use Received Pronunciation (RP) also cognise as Queens English or BBC English while others tend to use Cockney English.4. RegistersThese are variations caused by i) SettingIt has a large influence in the application of English for Specific Purposes (ESP). Different industries such as Legal, IT, Food Beverage, Technical or Hotel Service has their own grammar or technical jargon.Eg Lawyers would use formal or legal terms in the execution of their papers or court hearings whereas an electrician invites to understand technical terms to bother instructions or to describe repairs.ii) ParticipantsThe age, sex, group identity and roles provide influence the language used.AgeA different variety of language is used when public lecture to children, eg. Peekaboo than when talking to a peer. SexFemales tend to be more hyperbolic or expressive in their speech while males speech is more subdued.RolesThe role we play in our day-to-day contact wi th others affect the way we speak. Eg as a spouse, colleague, parent, teacher, etc.iii) TopicDifferent subjects have its own narrow down set of vocabulary and grammar usage.Eg A disc jockey and a priest would use different sets of the same language to convey their messages.iv) MediumIt can be visual or auditory. Visual (reading and writing)In reading, there are different degrees of formality and also more vocabulary than in listening.In writing, grammatical rules need to be applied and time is needed to interpret the written wordAuditory (speaking and listening)Having good listening skills certainly helps one to pick up and mend on speaking skills, esp. in intonations, grammar or vocabulary.In speech, language are usually accompanied by body gestures to convey the message. Words spoken rarely needs to be interpreted, unlike written words.ConclusionAs the usage of English language expands across the globe, influences from local cultures, language or from new discoveries in Scie nce and Technology pass on evolve the language, reservation it more varied than ever.Referenceswapedia.mobi/en/Variety_(linguisticsCategories Linguistics Varieties of Englishwww.icalweb.com/wiki/Varieties_of_EnglishAn Introduction to International Varieties of English by L Bauer Related articlesQ2. What is Communicative cogency?Communicative competence refers to a language users grammatical knowledge of syntax, morphology, phonology, etc as well as social knowledge active how and when to use utterances appropriately.(Dell Hymes,1966)The desired outcome is the ability to use the language correctly and appropriately to accomplish communication determinations, not the ability to use the language only as a native speaker does.This outcome depends on 1) Appropriateness in SpeechOther than having knowledge of the words and rules of the language (linguistics), one moldiness also learn not just to say what one style but to use the right words to suit the situation.The words used in to communicate with a friend may deem to be inappropriate when speaking to your headmaster.Eg Hi Buddy, have a jolly good day.Good Morning, Mr. brownedSpeech can be classified into Casual/Intimate SpeechIt is easy going and natural, mainly occurring between family, friends or people whom you are well-heeled with. It may contain many omitted forms of grammar and missing words .Eg Want tea?I go home now. You coming ?.ii) Formal SpeechIt is more metrical but also natural. Proper word sentences and grammar rules are observed and may be used in office or court puts between employer-employee, lawyer-client, etc.iii) Ceremonial SpeechIt tends to be more unnatural where the rhythm and intonation are quite different from normal speech.2) Appropriateness in WritingCompetency in writing, such as knowledge of grammatical rules, spelling, etc cannot be overlooked. However, different situations dictate different styles of writing.i) TelegramsWhere the main message or the gist of it has to be communicated in the shortest time, correct grammar form used may be inappropriate.ii) EssaysIt is formal writing where grammatical rules, semantics, spelling, etc has to be observed.iii) PoetryThe poetic style of writing may not follow the grammatical rules of the language.iv) Legal DocumentThe terms and language used have to be very formal and expressively written.3) Appropriateness in SettingBeing competent in using the language appropriately in a social setting will enable you to be unders as well asd and accepted. The setting is influenced byi) ParticipantThe social status, sex and age will affect the style of speech .Eg speech use to communicate with a child is different from communicating with an adult.ii) TopicSpeech used depend on the subject. Eg words used for a recipe discussion will include ingredients, method, measures while IT skills will include computer,download,printer.In conclusion, where English is taught as a foreign or second language, it has become widely acc epted that communicative competence should be the goal of language acquisition. This is unlike previous views in which linguistics competence was commonly given top priority.ReferencesEn.wikipedia.org/wiki/communicative competencewww.teachingenglish.org.uk/ remember/knowledge-wiki/communicative competencewww.nclrc.org/essentials/goalsmethods/goal.htm class BQ1 What are the various decimal points of L1 acquisition? How does this knowledge help us in L2 teaching?Language is commonly defined as any means of conveying or communicating ideas and language acquisition is learning how to communicate these ideas. It is the process by which people acquire the ability to perceive, produce and apply the words to communicate.First language(L1), which is also known as native language or mother tongue is acquired naturally due to ones needs to communicate in nine to fulfil his wants.Acquisition Of First LanguageIt occurs in stages from birth. symbolise 1 Pre SpeechBabies respond to speech aroun d them more keenly than to other sounds and from birth, will learn to pay attention and distinguish the following in their environment before they speak i) speech phonemes of the language, eg the speech sound of t and d in bat and badii) intonation the rising and falling intonationsiii) rhythm of speech phonological or system of speech patterns in the language used.Stage 2 BabblingBabies begin to babble from around 3 to 4 months old. It is basically speech sounds with rising and falling intonations.These indiscriminate utterances (eg dadada or nanana..) do not make headway sense to the listener but the baby appears to understand the meaning of it.Stage 3 One word (Holophrastic) stageAt about ten months, infants bring down to utter their first recognizable words althoughi) pronunciations may be inaccurateeg eep for sleepii) vocalized words may not correlate with words in the languageeg meh for cat or ta for duckiii) certain words may be distortedeg goggy for doggieiv) reduplicat ion of wordseg da-da,na-naStage 4 ii word stageBabies are able to say mini sentences with simple semantic links from 18months onwards.Eg cat no (there is no cat )At this stage, their ability to express is not as advanced as an adult. The semantic use of words are either too broad or too narrow. He may call any round item ball or only himself and no one else boyHowever, these underextensions and overextensions develop and change over time.Stage 5 Multi word Stage (Telegraphic Stage)By two years, most children are able to speak in sentences of several words. These telegraphic sentence structures are made up of lexical morphemes which are grammatically incomplete.Eg No eat instead of I wont eat.Stage 6 Normal speechBy about 3 years of age, they would have acquired grammatical and functional structures of words to be able to conduct normal speech.Second language (L2) is any language learned after the first language. Unlike L1, it is normally acquired in order to integrate with the environment.and is achieved through active learning and motivation.As L2 learners follows the same stages of acquisition as L1 learners,it is beneficial if we understand and apply these stages because it will help us to educate L2 learners more effectively.Acquisition of Second LanguageThe stages that L2 learners go through areStage 1 Silent StageIn an environment which is similar to the Pre-Speech Stage of L1, they hear and learn to recognize the distinctive sounds of words and pronunciations.During this silent stage, they may not speak but can respond various ways such as pointing to an object, person or gesturing with a yes and no response.Stage 2 archeozoic SpeechDuring this stage, utterances of first words (holophrastic) gradually make way to speaking a few simple words and then, simple phrases of the language. Mispronunciations are common during this stage and sentences are telegraphic in nature.Stage 3 Speech EmergenceLearners try to form sentences and will make mistakes in the grammatical structuring of the sentences.By making use of the Mean Length of Utterance (MLU), the development of the learner can be assessed by measuring the morphemes uttered.EgEarly In Between LaterYou eat? You eating? Are you eating?From the early stage of 2 morphemes, it develops to 3 and then finally 4 morphemes where the grammar and syntax are in order.Stage 4 Language ProficiencyLearners are capable of using complex sentences and apply the acquired language to a greater extent. They can opine, discuss and most importantly, begin to think in the second language.Teachers RoleIn all the above stages, the teacher takes the important role of the mother where she encourages, repeats and reinforces the language.By motivating and making the learners feel fixate in a conducive environment, learners will be more willing and confident to acquire a second language.